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CARDIORESPIRATORY SYSTEM

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It’s an involuntary breathing mechanism. The cardiorespiratory system has five distinct roles. It supplies the cells with nutrients and informs the body about pathogens. The musculoskeletal system muscles the bones, muscles, ligaments, tendons, and joints. Cardiorespiratory endurance training is an important part of pulmonary rehabilitation.

The heart takes 0.8 seconds to go through one full cardiac cycle, which consists of one systole or each diastole. During this time, the heart fully relaxes for 0.1 to 0.3 seconds. In one lifetime, people enter into 2.5 billion contracts without stopping. An electrical potential may be measured if electrodes are put on the skin on the opposite side of the heart. This E.C.G. record is known as diadonosis.

They function in a manner similar to doors that bar blood flow in the wrong direction. . The human trachea is just a cylinder that runs from the throat to the lungs, approximately 25 to 30cm in length. Heartbeat refers to a series of events that occur during one cardiac cycle. The three phases of the heartbeat are finished.

Now, let’s be clear about something:

Cardiac cycle Definition:

It is the sequence of events that takes place during the completion of one heartbeat.

Cardiac Cycle Phases:

The cardiorespiratory system includes these three cardiac cycle phases.

1. A period of time spent relaxing (diastole)

Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium when the atria are relaxed. Diastole is the time during which the heart chambers are relaxed

2. The Atria contract is signed (atrial systole)

The atria fill with blood and become bloated, which causes muscles in the atria to contract at the same time. Atrial systole is also known as atrial contraction. When blood moves through the tricuspid and bicuspid valves and flows into the two ventricles, the ventricles are relaxed.

3. The ventricles expand (ventricular systole)

When blood is loaded into the ventricle, the ventricles contract and blood are pushed into the pulmonary arteries and into the aorta. The tricuspid and bicuspid valves are both rounds in shape and will prevent the backflow of blood.

4. Thick, rich, full sound

When the tricuspid and bicuspid valves close, a lubbing sound is created. The ventricles will relax after the ventricular systole has finished.

5. Loose, unrefined sound

Dubbing is created as semilunar valves just at the base of the pulmonary artery or aorta shut at the same time. It makes a noise when listened to using a stethoscope.

The heart takes 0.8 seconds to go through one full cardiac cycle, which consists of one systole or each diastole. During this time, the heart fully relaxes for 0.1 to 0.3 seconds. In one lifetime, people enter into 2.5 billion contracts without stopping.

Heart Excitation and Contraction Mechanisms:

1. Pacemaker

In order for the heart to beat, the electrical impulses from the pacemaker must be sent to the atrial muscles, which contract both atria.

2. One step closer (pacemaker)

The pacemaker (S.A. node) is found on the top right side of the right atrium. There are just a few autonomic fibres and a few metafibrils in this S.A node.

3. An AV node

In response to impulses originating in the SA node, the muscles of the atrium and the AV node contract (A.Vnode)Electrical impulses from the A.V node initiate and induce contractions in the ventricles’ myocardium. The delay between the S.A. node and the A.V. node is about 0.15 seconds. to have full atrial systole before ventricular systole.

Electrocardiogram (ECG):

An electrocardiogram (ECG) equipment scans the electricity current of electrical signals in the heart. When the electrical impulses travel through the heart, some of the electricity is also dispersed throughout the body. An electrical potential may be measured if electrodes are put on the skin on the opposite side of the heart. This E.C.G. record is known as ECG.

Advantages and applications of ECG

The irregularities in rhythmicity and the conducting system of the heart are aided by diagnosis. To compensate for this, an artificial pacemaker may be used.

An Implanted Artificial Pacemaker:

The pacemaker initiates the heartbeats by starting the impulses that are responsible for triggering the heart rhythm. It may lead to the death of a person if there is a stop in the passage of electrical impulses, or if the impulses started by S.A. are feeble. Artificial pacemakers which use batteries as their power source are preferred. An artificial pacemaker electrode is connected to the ventricle if the A-V pathway is blocked.

The pale, blue-eyed children:

After birth, the interatrial foramen, an aperture in the interventricular septum, close. However, if the closure of this gateway is not successful, it will lead to newborn babies exhibiting cyanosis and blueness of the skin. Because of this, newborn infants are given a mixture of blood from two different atria, resulting in blue skin colour and the moniker “blue babies.”

Cyanosis may also be caused if the ductus arteriae do not completely constrict. When the inter-atrial foramen septum fails, cyanosis results. The faster the flow of blood, the higher the blood pressure. Blood pressure is the force exerted by blood on the walls of the bloodstream. It is given in millimetres of mercury (mmHg).

Blood Pressure Categories:

1. Elevated systolic pressure

The resulting pressure is caused by the ventricles compressing. The pulsation of the blood flow creates an elastic wall in the arteries

2. Diastolic pressure is termed

In diastole, the heart is not squeezing the blood into the arteries, resulting in lower blood pressure. Normally, the blood pressure is 75 to about 85 mmHg. Because the significance of blood pressure regulates the blood flow in the arteries by keeping his blood pressure up. In arteries, the quantity of blood circulation is about 400 to 500mm/second, whereas in capillaries it goes up to 150mm/second. The flow of blood through the body. The one-second pulse rate is known as the rate of blood flow. It is measured in millimetres per second.

As the blood flows via the branching arteries and arterioles, the flow of blood slows down. As you go down the capillaries, the rate goes up. As you go up the venules and veins, the rate goes down. Changes in the overall cross-section area of the vascular system lead to changes in the rate of blood flow. Breathing motions and contractions of surrounding muscles and the activity of semilunar valves sustain the blood flow in veins. Veins include valves that help keep the blood flowing in the right direction.

Advanced Atherosclerosis (a blood vessel disorder):

In addition to atherosclerosis, there is also arteriosclerosis.

Atheroma

Hard yellow plaque material accumulates in the innermost layer of arteries, known as atheroma.High blood cholesterol may be to blame.

Arteriosclerosis

The progressive narrowing of the arteries with age, especially if accompanied by an increase in the amount of plaque build-up, is known as arteriosclerosis.

Effects

As the disease progresses, the arteries become constricted and rigid. There is an increased chance of thrombus development, and thrombus formation in the brain or heart leads to the patient’s death. A heart attack is a potentially life-threatening disease caused by atherosclerosis.

Hypertension:

Hypertension is the medical term for the state of high blood pressure.

Damaghiyeel of arteries

When high blood pressure is prolonged, the lining of blood vessels is damaged, as well as the heart muscles, deteriorating the effectiveness of pumping activity.

Impairment of cardiac muscle function

People with heart disease who suffer from cardiomyopathy, a weakening of the heart muscle, may suffer from a condition known as congestive heart failure.

Thrombus:

A Thrombus is a mass or clog of materials that have been trapped in a blood vessel. This clog or blood clot completely or partly blocks the vessel it originated in. It may create a blood clot, or it may be dislodged. To some other place in the circulatory system, it is transported. Its current name is embolus. The development of a thrombus (thrombosis) and thromboembolism (thrombosis-caused deaths) are examples of thrombosis.

Formation of thrombus formation

Irritation or inflammation of the lining of blood vessels is the source of thrombus development. Due to the extended periods of inactivity, decreased blood flow occurs. Diseases such as pneumonia, TB, emphysema, etc.

Myocardial infarction:

Myocardial infarction, or a heart attack, happens when the obstruction of a blood vessel in the heart by an embolism or locally produced thrombus produces necrosis or death of some part of the heart muscle. The disruption of the system of the heart causes cardiac arrhythmias, particularly ventricular fibrillation.

Control

• We can prevent a heart attack by following our advice do not to short term effects of tobacco.
• To keep our blood pressure under control, we should frequently walk and cardiorespiratory system exercise.
• Do not overeat fatty foods.
• Regular body weight is maintained.

Stroke:

A Stroke occurs when a blockage in the blood vessels of the brain causes the loss of neural tissue, called necrosis or an embolus. The oxygen is not supplied to the brain tissue owing to its necrosis.

Symptoms

There is a broad range of symptoms associated with stroke, depending on which region of the brain has been damaged.

The cardiorespiratory system consists of the circulatory and respiratory systems:

The anatomy and structure of the heart

The position of the heart is where the function is. The heart is part of the cardiorespiratory system. The heart’s main function is to circulate blood throughout the body. The heart is situated between the two chambers. It is situated to the left of the mid-centre of the chest.

The way that the heart is structured

It is a fist-sized muscle located in the centre of the chest. Its length is about 12 cm, and it is 9 cm wide at its widest point and roughly 6 cm thick. The myocardium is a fibrous membrane that envelops the whole heart. The muscle fibres are entwined to keep the heart in place, yet enable it to contract when it beats. There is a specific kind of muscle found in the heart called the cardiac muscle.

It’s about heart chambers

In cardiorespiratory system both the right and left sides of the heart have their own unique qualities. Each heart has four separate chambers. There are two separate rooms on the left and right sides of the platform. These two chambers, known as the left and right atria, are considered the first chambers of the heart (singular: atrium). Blood coming from various sources flows into the atria.

Blood is pumped into the left atrium from the lungs, and into the right atrium from the human body. These two chambers, known as the left and right ventricles, sit in the lower half of the heart. Blood flows out to various areas of the body via the ventricles. In one part of the body, the right ventricle pumps blood to the lungs, while in another part of the body, the left ventricle pumps blood to other areas of the body. This enables the ventricles to pump blood to the rest of the body, which does more work.

Hemangiomas:

Blood vessels are blood vessel tubes. A vein is a blood vessel that is designed to return blood from the body to the heart. A channel that supplies blood to the heart of the body is called an artery. Also known as capillaries, tiny blood passages link arteries and veins. A few major blood vessels that go to various compartments of the heart are linked to these main vessels. The left ventricle pushes blood into the aorta, which then transports it to all of the other body parts via smaller arteries.

The pulmonary valve is the major artery on the right side of the heart which is pumped by the right ventricle. The blood goes to the lungs through the pulmonary arteries, which are arterial vessels that are divided into two segments. The pulmonary veins act as conduits, conveying blood from the lungs into the bloodstream. All other veins throughout our body connect to the IVC or SVC (SVC). The two big veins that begin in the abdomen and pass through the heart’s right atrium together take the lifeblood from different parts of the body and pump it into the heart’s right atrium.

Valves:

Valves are small structures present in the chambers of the heart and blood arteries, which are composed of various fibrous tissue structures. They function in a manner similar to doors that bar blood flows in the incorrect direction. They are located in various locations. Also known as the tricuspid and mitral valves, the valves separating the atria and ventricles are referred to as the right and left atrioventricular valves.

These semilunar valves (valves between the ventricular and the major arteries) are well recognised. The aortic valve is located at the base of the aorta, whereas the pulmonary valve is placed at the root of the pulmonary trunk. Additionally, veins have many valves. However, except for the aorta and pulmonary trunk, valves are not present in any of the other arteries.

The four stages of cardiac output are the heart, lungs, blood vessels, and muscles:

• The heart, blood arteries, and blood make up the cardiovascular system. Every single one of these aspects.
• Inhale deeply and hold your breath. Let it out after a few seconds. Most people, if they’re not doing anything, breathe at a rate of around 15 breaths per minute. 21,600 breaths a day is equivalent to 900 breaths an hour. Inhaling fills the lungs with air, while exhaling empties them. In addition to this, the air within the chest cavity is doing more than simply expanding and contracting the lungs. Oxygen in the air is absorbed by the lungs, enters the circulation, and carries oxygen to all parts of the body. Once oxygen is given up, carbon dioxide is swapped for cellular waste, which is how it is done. Carbon dioxide is expelled from the cells, moves through the circulation, returns to the lungs, and is exhaled.
• One must make an effort to breathe. In addition, breathing is involuntary. Managed by the respiratory centre in the brain, In the cardiorespiratory system, respiration is controlled by how frequently breath is taken as well as how much air is taken or expelled. However, speaking, singing, and swimming underwater may all be overridden. When the diaphragm descends during inhalation, there is tensile stress around the lungs, and the air is drawn in from the surroundings. The air that goes into the body first enters the nasal cavity, which is situated in the nose immediately behind the nostrils.
• The warmed, humidified air flows through the nasal cavity, warming and moistening the sinuses and respiratory tract. This procedure helps equalise the conditions in the air for the physical body, helping to protect it against the harm that may be caused by cold, dry air. Particulate matter in the air is trapped by hairs, mucus, and cilia in the nasal passages. It is also sampled using the sense of smell, which is an aspect of the body’s sense of smell.
• The air passing through the nose, the pharynx, and the larynx first gets to the trachea by passing through the nasal cavity. The trachea’s primary purpose is to take in air through the nose and expel it from the body. The human trachea is just a cylinder that runs from the throat to the lungs, approximately 25 to 30 cm in length. The cross-section is a long series of unconnected rings of cartilage & smooth muscle. Cartilage is what gives the trachea its structure and courage to keep the airway open. Cilia and mucus-secreting cells border the trachea. When breathed in, particles are caught by the mucus and transported by cilia to the throat.
• The two bronchi, which branch from the trachea at the level of the vocal cords, lead to the right and left lungs. The main bronchi accept air. In smaller and smaller sized bronchi, until the bronchioles separate and extend across the lung, the bronchi are termed bronchioles.
• Cartilage & smooth muscles form the trachea, bronchus, and bronchioles. The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems both innervate the bronchi and bronchioles, causing them to contract or relax, respectively, depending on signals from the nervous system. These are the respiratory bronchioles, the last bronchioles. Respiratory bronchioles are connected to the ends of alveolar ducts.
• Alveolar sacs at the conclusion of each duct contain about 20 to 30 alveoli. There is no exchange of gases between the alveoli and the surroundings. The alveoli are bubble-like in appearance and small in size. Alveoli and capillaries of the circulatory system are in close touch with each other. In order for oxygen to permeate from the alveoli into the blood, close contact is necessary. The blood will be carbon dioxide-rich and thus diffuse to the alveoli, where it will be expelled.
• The structural and functional organisation of the digestive and cardiorespiratory systems is emphasised by the anatomical configuration of capillaries and alveoli. According to some estimates, the total area of the alveolus is between 100 and 200 square metres. The whole space is about equivalent to a half-sized tennis court. Due to the high surface area, thin-walled alveolar cells, and the gases’ ability to readily diffuse across the cells, gases may diffuse quickly across these cells.

The 5 cardiorespiratory system Function:

These are the five distinct roles of the cardiorespiratory system.

• It helps to pump OXYGEN and eliminates carbon dioxide.
• It supplies the cells with nutrients.
• Destroys the metabolic waste in the excretory cardiorespiratory system organs.
• It informs the body about pathogens and therefore protects it from illness and infection.
• When there is an injury, the clotting stops the bleeding

Pulmonary Rehabilitation Exercise prescription.

It has been shown to decrease the most common symptom of COPD, exertional dyspnea, which causes physical disability and cognitive disability. Cardiorespiratory system endurance training for bigger muscle groups, such as walking or leg cycling, and arm cycling, is an important part of pulmonary rehabilitation. Arm cycling may, however, induce increased ventilatory drive and exacerbate dyspnea in certain individuals. The functional ability of individuals who regularly do resistance and flexibility workouts may improve. In the beginning, patients should be carefully monitored and the Over exercising sessions adjusted according to the signs of exertional symptoms.

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