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PULMONARY AND SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION

The human heart is a two-stage pump responsible for pulmonary and systemic circulation. The pericardium is the lining of the heart, protecting the heart from extending too far. Myocardium Muscles are a unique type of muscle found in the myocardium. Hippocrates created the theory that blood is produced by the liver and then circulated to the heart, where it is cooled by the lungs that surround it. He was the first to correctly identify the structure of the heart and the role of the lung in the circulatory but his description of the pulmonary circulation process remained mostly inaccurate.

Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis published the first accurate account of pulmonary circulation in 1242. Western scholars were unaware of his commentary on The Canon until 1924. He disputed Galen’s theory about the existence of pores in the ventricular septum that allow blood to travel here. All body tissues obtain appropriate blood supply thanks to the systemic circulation. It transports oxygen and nutrients while also collecting carbon dioxide and waste materials.

pulmonary and systemic circulation have been linked since the early 20th century. The circulatory system is connected to the heart, lungs, liver, kidneys, spleen, pancreas, muscles, bones, joints, and skin. Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood through the lungs, while systemic circulation is the flow of blood throughout the body. Pulmonary arteries are seven times more compliant than systemic circuit arterial vessels. This has crucial physiological implications, such as reduced friction to blood flow.

The WBC model can be adapted for use in other conditions. of the heart’s valves. pulmonary and systemic circulation is Time-independent and dependent parameters.

Pulmonary circulation Researched in heart disease. The tricuspid ventricle, lung function. Lungs’ ability to be measured by a patient. The aorta divides into three branches that supply blood to the head, arms, and shoulders. The superior vena cava is a vein that runs through the heart. It collects deoxygenated blood with ingested food from various regions of the alimentary canal.

There are three types of circulation:

1. Circulation throughout the body.
2. Circulation in the heart.
3. Circulation in the lungs

The heart (pumping order)

The heart pumps that beats 60–100 times each minute on average. The heart pumps blood throughout our body, carrying oxygen to each and every cell, with each beat. The returning to the heart after supplying oxygen. The blood then travels to the lung, where it gathers up more oxygen. The human heart is found within the chest cavity. The pericardium surrounds the heart. The pericardial sac is a double-membranous sac that surrounds the heart. The pericardial cavity is the space between the pericardium’s two membranes. It’s made up of pericardial fluid.

The Pericardium’s Function

This pericardium is the heart’s lining.

• It safeguards the heart.
• Prevents it from extending too far.

Heart’s layers:

The heart’s wall is made up of three layers;

1. Epicardium
2. Myocardium
3. Endocardium

Epicardium

It is the heart’s outermost epithelium.

Myocardium

Muscles are a unique type of muscle found in the myocardium. Myofibrils and microfilaments of actin and myosin can be found in these muscles. Their arrangement and contracting mechanism are similar to that of skeletal muscles. However, cardiac muscles are made up of branching cells. The intercalated disc is a junction that separates these cells.

Endocardium

It comes from the heart’s inner endothelium. Under the supervision of the body’s autonomic nerve system, the heart contracts automatically with rhythmicity.

The heart’s chambers:

There are four chambers in the heart.

1. Atria

Two upper atria with thin walls (auricles)

2. Ventricle

Two lower ventricles have thick walls; the left ventricle’s wall is about 3 times thicker than that of the right ventricle’s wall.

The auricles take blood, which then travels to the ventricles, where it is distributed. The human heart is a two-stage pump that is responsible for both pulmonary and systemic circulation. The deoxygenated & oxygenated blood is completely separated in a double circuit heart. The blood on the left side is oxygenated, whereas the blood on the right side is both deoxygenated and oxygenated. The blood on the left side is oxygenated, while the blood on the right side is deoxygenated.

pulmonary circulation definition:

• Pulmonary circulation definition is that it is the movement of blood from the heart to the lungs. It delivers deoxygenated blood, where it is oxygenated and carbon dioxide is released. The oxygenated blood then returns to the heart. The Ancient Greeks were the next to contribute to our understanding of pulmonary circulation.
• Alcamo, a physician, suggested that the mind, not really the heartbeat, was the connecting point for the all the body’s veins. These veins, he believed, were responsible for bringing the spirit or air to the mind. Empedocles, a philosopher, postulated a system of impermeable pipes that conveyed the pneumatic  all throughout body while remaining connected to blood veins. He proposed that pulmonary breathing was used to absorb this spirit.
• Hippocrates created the theory that blood is produced by the liver and kidney and then circulated to the heart, where it is cooled by lungs which surround it. He depicted the heart as the linking point for all of the body’s vessels, with certain vessels carrying only blood, and described it as having two ventricles joined by an interventricular septum.
• Other air-carrying vessels, according to Hippocrates, were the respiratory veins, which took air to the ventricles, and the aorta, and delivered air to a right ventricle and circulation to the lungs. He also hypothesized that the heart has two atria that capture air. He was the first to correctly identify the structure of the heart and the role of the lung in circulatory, but his description of the pulmonary circulation definition process and the activities of the heart’s sections remained mostly inaccurate.
• Following Hippocrates, Greek philosopher and physician Aristotle hypothesized that the heart has three ventricular, rather than two, each related to the lungs.Eras stratus, a Greek physician, agreed with Hippocrates or Aristotle that perhaps the heart was the source of all vessels in the body, but postulated a method in which air was inhaled into the lungs and then transported to the ventricles via portal vein. It was turned into pneumatic there and transported around the body by capillaries that solely carried air. [11] Veins supplied blood through the body in this system, but the blood did not circulation and was instead consumed either by organs.
• The next insights on pulmonary circulation definition came from the Greek physician Galen. Despite the fact that many of his hypotheses, like those of his forefathers, were erroneous, his pulmonary circulation hypothesis controlled the medical profession for hundreds of years. in fact.
• Galen had already disputed Eras stratus by claiming that arteries carried mixed air and blood, instead of air. [8] He proposed that all blood veins originate in the liver, and that the brain was not a beating muscular, but instead an organ through which blood travelled. A fresh explanation of pulmonary circulation definition was included in Galen’s theory. The pneuma was formed when air was absorbed into the lungs. The pneuma was carried via pulmonary veins to the left ventricle, where it was used to chill the blood that was coming at the same time. The vital spirits were created by mixing pneuma, blood, and chilling, and were then transmitted throughout the organism via arteries.
• Galen also argued that the heat of the blood entering the heart produced poisonous fumes that were evacuated through same pulmonary veins that delivered the pneuma in the first place. The right ventricle, he wrote, had a distinct function than the left; it delivered blood to the lungs, where impurities are vented out and clean blood was circulated throughout the body. Galen’s explanation of the biology of the heart was more thorough than his predecessors’, although it contained some errors. Galen, for example, believed that blood dripped between the heart’s two ventricles through minute, imperceptible gaps in the third ventricle. [10]
• The next major breakthroughs in human comprehension of pulmonary circulation didn’t take place for millennia. Avicenna, a Persian polymath, produced The Canon of Medicine, a medical encyclopedia. He translated and collated current medical knowledge in this book, as well as adding some fresh information with his own. Avicenna’s explanation of pulmonary circulation, on the other hand, reflected Galen’s faulty viewpoints. In 1242, the Arab physician Ibn al-Nafis published the Commentary on Physiology in Avicenna’s Canon, which contained the first accurate account of pulmonary circulation definition like we know it today. Ibn al-Nafis improved on Galen’s views about pulmonary circulation in two ways. First, he disputed Galen’s theory about the existence of pores in the ventricular septum that allow blood to travel here between left and right ventricles. Second, he concluded that given the lack of interventricular pores, pulmonary circulation was the only method for blood to get from right to the ventricles. He also went into great depth about the anatomy of the lungs, which his forefathers had not done. [15] Al-Nafis, as Aristotle and Galen, thought that the vital spirit was generated from a mixing of blood and air in the left ventricle.
• Despite the magnitude of Ibn al-Nafis’ contributions to pulmonary circulation theory, Western scholars were unaware of his commentary on The Canon until the manuscript was unearthed in Berlin, Germany, in 1924. As a result, until recently, Ibn al-Nafis was not frequently acknowledged in Western scientific journals with the finding of pulmonary circulation definition.
• European academics and physicians took hundreds of years to reach the very same conclusions as al-Nafis. Leonardo da Vinci, an Italian polymath, was one of the first to claim that the heart was merely a muscle rather than a passageway for spirits and air, yet he ascribed to Galen’s circulation principles and defended the presence of interventricular pores.
• De generis corporis fabrica libri septem, published in 1543, the Flemish physician Andreas Vesalius corrected Galen’s theory of circulatory anatomy, disputing the presence of interventricular pores.
• Following him, Michael Servetus was also the first European doctor to accurately define pulmonary circulation definition .Though he’s been credited with discovering the discovery under his own, it is probable that he had reference to Ibn al-work Nafis’s while authoring his own works.
• Servetus published his results in Christianism Restituto (1553), a philosophical book condemned by Catholics and Calvinists alike as “heretical,” which was burned at the stake and just a few copies survived. In 1559, Realdo Colombo, an Italian physician, published De re anatomical libri XV, which precisely characterized pulmonary circulation definition.

what is systemic circulation?

• The heart and the parts of the body are connected through systemic circuit. It transports oxygenated blood to cells while also returning oxygenated blood from the heart. The transfer of blood from the lungs to the heart for oxygenation and subsequently back to the heart is known as pulmonary circulation definition. When oxygen-depleted blood enters the right atrium via the superior and inferior vena cava cavae, it exits the systemic circuit. The blood is subsequentl y pushed into right ventricle via the tricuspid valve. Blood is pushed from the pulmonary artery into pulmonary artery via the pulmonary valve. The right and left circulatory system branch off from the pulmonary artery and proceed to each lung.
• The blood goes along capillaries on the alveoli in the lungs, where carbon dioxide is removed and oxygen is added to the blood. Gas exchange occurs as a result of gas partial gravitational forces across the lungs’ alveoli and the capillaries that connect them. The oxygenated blood next leaves the lungs and returns to the left atrium via pulmonary veins, complete the pulmonary circuit. This systemic circuit begins after the pulmonary circuit terminates.
• The systemic circuit ensures that all body tissues receive adequate blood supply. It transports oxygen and nutrients while also collecting carbon dioxide and waste materials. systemic circuit transports oxygenated left ventricle to the capillaries in the body’s tissues via the arteries. The right atrium receives deoxygenated blood to the right ventricle via a system of veins from the tissue capillaries.
• The only vessels that issue from the ascending aorta are the coronary arteries. The aortic arch gives rise to the brachiocephalic, left main carotid, & left subclavian arteries. The internal carotid & vertebral arteries provide blood circulation to the brain. The blood flow for the upper extremities is provided by the subclavian arteries. From the abdominal aorta, the celiac, superior mesenteric, human liberty, renal, gonadal, and lower mesenteric arteries branch to nourish the abdominal viscera. The muscles & spinal cord receive blood from the lumbar arteries. The blood flow for the lower limb is provided by branching of the external iliac artery. The iliac artery supplies the viscera of the pelvis.

pulmonary and systemic circulation have certain similarities:

• The double circulation includes both pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Many mammals have both pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Closed circulation systems include pulmonary and systemic circulation
• Arteries and veins are found in both pulmonary and systemic circulation, and both contribute to transport gases, nutrients, and waste products to their final destinations.

What’s the difference among pulmonary and systemic circulatory systems?

• Pulmonary circulation is the movement of blood through lungs, while systemic circuit is the flow of blood throughout the body.Carbon dioxide within deoxygenated is replaced with air in the blood and released to the body in the pulmonary circulatory system, whereas oxygenated blood goes to the organs as oxygen is replaced with carbon dioxide in the systemic circuit.
• Atrioventricular valves are dealt with by the pulmonary system, but not by the systemic circuit.
• The pulmonary circulation definition begins in the right atrium and terminates in the left ventricle, whereas the systemic circuit begins in the left ventricle’s aorta and concludes in the right atrium.
• The superior vena cava or inferior vena cava, who carry blood back to the heart, and the arteries that carry away from the heart make up systemic circulation. They’ve been divided into a variety of groups. However, the pulmonary program uses two blood arteries that solely branch into the lungs.
• Only gas is transferred in the pulmonary system, whereas nutrients plus gas are exchanged in the systemic circuit.The arteries of a pulmonary circulation, unlike those of the systemic circulation, are thin-walled and have little smooth muscle.
• This has crucial physiological implications, such as reduced friction to blood flow. Pulmonary arteries are also seven times more compliant than systemic arterial vessels, so they’re more distensible and compressible.
• When compared to the more muscular, noncompliant artery walls of the systemic circulation, this highly compliant state requires substantially less labour (lower pressures all throughout pulmonary circulation) enabling blood flow via the pulmonary circulation.
• Furthermore, as compared to identical arteries in the systemic circulation, the capillaries in the pulmonary circulation are normally dilated and have bigger diameters. All of these elements lead to a low-resistance circulatory system that facilitates blood flow via the pulmonary circulation through the right ventricle’s relatively “weak” pumping activity, which is less muscle than the left ventricle.
•  The difference in pressure between the pulmonary artery and the left atrial for the circulatory system is just 6 mm mm Hg (14 mm Mercury in the right ventricle less 8 mm Hg in the left ventricle) . It is nearly 15 times less than the 87 mm Hg pressure gradient differential in the circulatory system

The following are the patient-specific input parameters:

Maximum aortic systolic pressure, end-diastolic aortic stress, left ventricular final or end-diastolic volumes, and left ventricular ejection time are all measured in the systemic circuit.

Pulmonary circulation: pulmonary artery peak systolic pressure, pulmonary artery end-diastolic pressure, left ventricle end-systolic or end-diastolic volumes, and right ventricular extraction time

Following the customisation,The following individualised measures of interest were discovered:

Time independent parameters

• systemic circuit: the dead size of the left ventricle, time at max left ventricular elastance, systemic resistance, systemically compliance, and the ratio of proximal to distal opposition of systemic circulation are all time-independent parameters.

• Pulmonary circulation: right ventricle dead volume, period at maximal right ventricular elastance, lungs resistance, pulmonary compliance, proximal to distal pulmonary circulation resistance ratio

Time-dependent parameters

• systemic circuit: aortic, left ventricular, and left atrial pressures, ventricle volume, aortic flow rate, and the left ventricular pressure-volume loop are all time-dependent parameters.

• Pulmonary circulation: right ventricular and atrium tensions, right ventricular volume, aortic arch flow rate, or left ventricle pressure-volume loop.

The heart’s valves:

The tricuspid valve is a valve found in the heart.

The superior vena (pre caval) and lower vena cava deliver deoxygenated blood to the right atrium (post caval). The right atrium pushed blood to the ventricle through a tricuspid valve-protected hole in the ventricle (valve has three flaps )

Semilunar valves are valves that are shaped like a moon.

When the right ventricle contracts, blood rushes to the pulmonary trunk, where it is carried to the lungs by the left and right pulmonary arteries.The semilunar valve protects the base of the pulmonary trunk. The blood is transferred to the left atrium via the pulmonary vein after oxygenation in the lungs.

Biscupsid valve is a type of valve that has two chambers.

The blood is pumped from the left atrium to the ventricle via a pore guarded by the bicuspid valve (valve has two flaps). The chordate tendinae connects the flaps of the bicuspid valve to the papillary muscles of the left ventricle. Blood is circulated to all parts of the body through the aorta as the ventricle contracts. The semilunar valve protects the base of the aorta. Blood is improving the power factor to the left ventricle pulmonary vein after oxygenation in the lungs. The route of blood flow is controlled by the heart valves.

Blood circulation is the movement of blood:

1. The coronary arteries emerge from the base of the aorta, the first pair of arteries, and give blood to the heart.
2. The aorta develops an arch and divides into three branches before descending to supply blood to the head, arms, and shoulders.
3. The aorta empties into the chest cavity.
4. It has numerous minor branches that provide blood to various areas of the alimentary canal, the kidneys, and the lower abdomen.
5. The aorta splits into two iliac arteries, each of which splits into two arteries, the femoral and sciatic, which give blood to the legs.

Vena cava collection of deoxygenated:

The superior vena cava is a vein that runs through the heart. Veins in the upper body gather blood from various parts of the body.

The superior vena cava connects these veins.

The blood from the superior vena cava flows into the right side of the heart.

The inferior vena cava is a vein in the lower leg.

Veins that gather blood from the legs form two iliac veins. These iliac veins are connected to the inferior vena cava. The superior vena cava gets renal veins from each kidney and hepatic veins from the liver before entering the right atrium.

System of hepatic portals:

The hepatic portal vein collects deoxygenated blood with ingested food from various regions of the alimentary canal and delivers it to the liver.

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